Well, I almost gave you a huge explanation of how they all work together, but I don't think that's warranted. If you're really interested, I can get into details.
A short version of how things sort of interact:
- Higher-value (500k) pots bleed less treble to ground, and so are commonly used on "darker" pickups (humbuckers)
- Conversely, lower-value (250k) pots bleed more treble to ground, and so are commonly used on "brighter" pickups (single coils)
- For a given cap, a higher-resistance pot will roll off more treble when using the tone circuit
- For a given pot, a higher-value cap will roll off more treble when using the tone circuit
Items 2 and 3 may seem contradictory, but realize that tone and volume pots always bleed a bit of signal to ground, even when they're turned all the way "up". Hence, a lower-value pot will tend to muddy an already-dark pickup like a humbucker, even at full volume/tone. 0.022uF caps are pretty common all around, sometimes people will go up to 0.047uF. This will increase the amount of treble roll-off you get when using the tone knob, good if you are trying to tame a particularly shrill pickup, or if your instrument range is below a normal guitar (baritone or bass).
All of this works on the principles of passive analog filtering. The master tone knob is functionally a first-order low-pass filter. Because passive filters require no power supply, it is not possible to "boost" any part of a signal beyond the level of the source - you can cut away bass, treble, or mids, but not add them.
Achieving a specific tone based on wiring is something you can spend years of your life on. The thing is, there's so much variability between components, even with modern manufacturing (and especially with older manufacturing), that getting an identical sound by copying the wiring and component values is practically impossible. You can, however, tweak an existing tone by playing with cap and pot values or adding resistors. The Gibson Varitone setup is actually just a bunch of tone caps that are selected based on the position of the switch.