no real science, the closer the bridge pup is to the bridge the more harmonic content and brighter the pup sounds, also less output.
the closer the pickup is to the middle of string vibration the warmer and fuller it sounds. it may be posible to get the bridge pup too close to the bridge but people tend to prefer the neck pup as close to the neck as possible. some people believe the 24th fret is the ideal location but that is silly, because for one it is a node to a 2nd octave harmonic in the open position so if anything it will take something out of the sound at least in the open position. and for another playing on different frets throws the sweet spot theory out the window. also the 24th fret location is what causes "stratitis" with single coils because it strikes a harmonic if the magnetic field is too narrow and has too much pull. you can analyze it to death but you wont find a mathematical ideal because playing in different positions will always change it so put the neck pup close to the neck and the bridge pup near the bridge but not too close and don't over think it.